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Since quasars exhibit all the properties common to other active galaxies such as Seyfert galaxies , the emission from quasars can be readily compared to those of smaller active galaxies powered by smaller supermassive black holes.
The brightest known quasars devour solar masses of material every year. The largest known is estimated to consume matter equivalent to 10 Earths per second.
Quasar luminosities can vary considerably over time, depending on their surroundings. Since it is difficult to fuel quasars for many billions of years, after a quasar finishes accreting the surrounding gas and dust, it becomes an ordinary galaxy.
Radiation from quasars is partially "nonthermal" i. Extremely high energies might be explained by several mechanisms see Fermi acceleration and Centrifugal mechanism of acceleration.
Quasars can be detected over the entire observable electromagnetic spectrum , including radio , infrared , visible light , ultraviolet , X-ray and even gamma rays.
Most quasars are brightest in their rest-frame ultraviolet wavelength of A minority of quasars show strong radio emission, which is generated by jets of matter moving close to the speed of light.
When viewed downward, these appear as blazars and often have regions that seem to move away from the center faster than the speed of light superluminal expansion.
This is an optical illusion due to the properties of special relativity. Quasar redshifts are measured from the strong spectral lines that dominate their visible and ultraviolet emission spectra.
These lines are brighter than the continuous spectrum. They exhibit Doppler broadening corresponding to mean speed of several percent of the speed of light.
Fast motions strongly indicate a large mass. Emission lines of hydrogen mainly of the Lyman series and Balmer series , helium, carbon, magnesium, iron and oxygen are the brightest lines.
The atoms emitting these lines range from neutral to highly ionized, leaving it highly charged. This wide range of ionization shows that the gas is highly irradiated by the quasar, not merely hot, and not by stars, which cannot produce such a wide range of ionization.
Like all unobscured active galaxies, quasars can be strong X-ray sources. Radio-loud quasars can also produce X-rays and gamma rays by inverse Compton scattering of lower-energy photons by the radio-emitting electrons in the jet.
Quasars also provide some clues as to the end of the Big Bang 's reionization. More recent quasars show no absorption region, but rather their spectra contain a spiky area known as the Lyman-alpha forest ; this indicates that the intergalactic medium has undergone reionization into plasma , and that neutral gas exists only in small clouds.
The intense production of ionizing ultraviolet radiation is also significant, as it would provide a mechanism for reionization to occur as galaxies form.
Quasars show evidence of elements heavier than helium , indicating that galaxies underwent a massive phase of star formation , creating population III stars between the time of the Big Bang and the first observed quasars.
Light from these stars may have been observed in using NASA 's Spitzer Space Telescope , [56] although this observation remains to be confirmed. The taxonomy of quasars includes various subtypes representing subsets of the quasar population having distinct properties.
Because quasars are extremely distant, bright, and small in apparent size, they are useful reference points in establishing a measurement grid on the sky.
Because they are so distant, they are apparently stationary to our current technology, yet their positions can be measured with the utmost accuracy by very-long-baseline interferometry VLBI.
The positions of most are known to 0. A grouping of two or more quasars on the sky can result from a chance alignment, where the quasars are not physically associated, from actual physical proximity, or from the effects of gravity bending the light of a single quasar into two or more images by gravitational lensing.
When two quasars appear to be very close to each other as seen from Earth separated by a few arcseconds or less , they are commonly referred to as a "double quasar".
When the two are also close together in space i. As quasars are overall rare objects in the universe, the probability of three or more separate quasars being found near the same physical location is very low, and determining whether the system is closely separated physically requires significant observational effort.
The first true triple quasar was found in by observations at the W. Keck Observatory Mauna Kea , Hawaii. When astronomers discovered the third member, they confirmed that the sources were separate and not the result of gravitational lensing.
A multiple-image quasar is a quasar whose light undergoes gravitational lensing , resulting in double, triple or quadruple images of the same quasar.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the astronomical object. For other uses, see Quasar disambiguation. It is not to be confused with quasi-star.
See also: Active galactic nucleus. Active galactic nucleus containing a supermassive black hole. Main articles: Redshift , Metric expansion of space , and Universe.
Play media. Main articles: Reionization and Chronology of the Universe. Astronomy portal Space portal. ESO Science Release.
Retrieved 4 July Bibcode : Natur. ISBN Retrieved The Astrophysical Journal. Bibcode : ApJ The Astronomical Journal. Bibcode : AJ Retrieved 6 December Gemini Observatory.
The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Physics Today. Bibcode : PhT Archived from the original on The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
Bibcode : PASP.. Retrieved 3 October European Space Agency. Astrophysical Journal. Physics: Imagination and Reality.
Jodrell Bank Observatory. Shields The Discovery Of Quasars". The full credit line to use can be found in each image caption. Large JPEG Screensize JPEG Zoomable Zoomable.
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In fact, quasars are the intensely powerful centres of distant, active galaxies, powered by a huge disc of particles surrounding a supermassive black hole.
In this picture, one of these jets appears as a cloudy streak, measuring some light-years in length. Quasars are capable of emitting hundreds or even thousands of times the entire energy output of our galaxy, making them some of the most luminous and energetic objects in the entire Universe.
Of these very bright objects, 3C is the brightest in our skies. If it was located 30 light-years from our own planet — roughly seven times the distance between Earth and Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to us after the Sun — it would still appear as bright as the Sun in the sky.
It is the size of a small piano and was capable of seeing images in the visible, near-ultraviolet, and near-infrared parts of the spectrum.
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